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Among the most deadly earthquakes in history was the magnitude 9.1 quake that struck off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra on Dec. 26, 2004, triggering a massive tsunami. This disaster killed nearly 230,000 people in multiple countries. The desperate search continues Wednesday for survivors of a tsunami which struck parts of western Indonesia, as the country marks the.
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Show map of Indonesiatime2018-09-28 10:02:44eventUSGS-Local date28 September 2018Local time18:02:44Magnitude7.5Depth20.0 km (12.4 mi)Epicentre:FaultTypeMax. IntensityTsunamiYes (highest 7 m (23 ft) in ), with a maximum run-up of 15 m (49 ft) in WaniLandslidesYesForeshocksM w 6.1, M5.4, M5.0AftershocksFive M≥5.5Casualties. 4,340 dead. 10,679 injured. 667 missing.
70,821 evacuated. (longer term) 206,524 made refugees as of 10/28On 28 September 2018, a shallow, large struck in the neck of the, Indonesia, with its located in the mountainous,. The 7.5 quake was located 70 km (43 mi) away from the provincial capital and was felt as far away as on and also in,. This event was preceded by a sequence of, the largest of which was a 6.1 tremor that occurred earlier that day.Following the mainshock, a tsunami alert was issued for the nearby.
A localised tsunami struck Palu, sweeping shore-lying houses and buildings on its way. The combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami led to the deaths of an estimated 4,340 people. This makes it the deadliest earthquake to strike the country since the, as well as the deadliest earthquake worldwide in 2018, surpassing the previous earthquake that a few months earlier, killing more than 500. The (BMKG) confirmed that a tsunami had been triggered, with its height reaching an estimated maximum of 4 to 7 metres (13 to 23 ft), striking the settlements of, and along its path.The earthquake caused major in areas in and around Palu. In two locations this led to mudflows in which many buildings became submerged causing hundreds of deaths with many more missing.
The liquefaction was considered to be the largest in the world and was deemed as rare. Locations of earthquakes and surface traces of main faults near the epicentre. The is shown as two disconnected red lines indicated by arrows.lies within the complex zone of interaction between the, and in which many small microplates are developed. The main active structure onshore in the western part of Central Sulawesi is the left-lateral NNW-SSE trending that forms the boundary between the North Sula and Makassar blocks. The rate of slip along this fault is estimated to be in the range 30–40 mm per year.
At Palu, there are several parallel fault strands defining the margins of a, each of which take up some of the overall slip. Several major earthquakes have been attributed to movement on this fault since 1900 and three larger events in the last 2,000 years have been deduced from studies of the fault zone.
In 2017 a study recognised this fault as representing the greatest seismic risk in eastern Indonesia. Earthquake. Map of the Sulawesi earthquake Foreshocks The mainshock was preceded by a sequence of foreshocks starting about three hours earlier with a M6.1 event, followed by several others, all located in the area immediately south of the mainshock epicentre.The first foreshock occurred at 15:00. The earthquake struck at a shallow depth of 10 km with a magnitude of 5.9 (BMKG).
The USGS registered the size of the quake as 6.1 M w. Strong shaking was felt in Donggala. At least 1 person was killed by fallen debris while 10 others were injured. Authorities confirmed that dozens of structures were either damaged or destroyed in the quake. Mainshock. Shakemap of the 2018 Sulawesi earthquakeThe mainshock occurred at 18:02 WITA, during rush hour traffic.
The shaking was felt as far away as Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan, to the west and Makassar in the south. It was also felt in several parts in Gorontalo, located on the north and was also felt in Tawau, Malaysia. Violent shaking was reported in Donggala and Palu.
Blackouts occurred throughout the area and telecommunications went down. The state-owned Telkomsel reported that more than 500 had been damaged by the earthquake.The earthquake happened during the 40th anniversary of the city of Palu. To commemorate the anniversary, the Government of Palu on each year holds a festival, the Palu Nomoni Festival, with its starting point from Wina Hotel to Talise Beach, stretching almost 3.8 kilometres on the coast of Palu. Hundreds of people had gathered on the beach. The festival was expected to attract international paragliders as an international paragliding event was also being held as a part of the festival. Hotel owners in Palu reported that the number of guests had risen significantly due to the festival. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, the festival was resumed.The mainshock magnitude was initially reported as M7.7 by both the USGS.
The USGS later revised their estimate to M7.5. The of the earthquake showed that it was caused by on faults trending either roughly north–south or west–east. Further analysis of seismic waveforms suggests that a fault trending north–south gives a better fit. The earthquake was caused by movement on the Palu-Koro fault.
Evidence suggests that about 150 km of the fault ruptured.During the mainshock, the rupture propagated at speeds in excess of the velocity as determined by back-projection of, and supported. The possibility of on the Palu-Koro Fault was raised in 2017.Indonesian authorities confirmed that no one had been able to contact a single person from Donggala, the closest town to the epicentre.
As of 1 October, contacts were still hampered by downed telecommunication lines. Aftershocks The mainshock was followed by a series of aftershocks, with 14 of M≥5.0 in the first 24 hours.
Since then, a total of 150 aftershocks have struck the region. Intensity The earthquake was felt over a wide area. Noticeable shaking, ranging from II-III on the, was reported in Samarinda, Makassar and Tawau. The strongest shaking was felt in Donggala Regency where a maximum intensity of IX (violent) was recorded. The maximum intensity in Palu, the provincial capital of Central Sulawesi, was at VIII (severe).
According to the Indonesian Agency for the Assessment and Application for Technology (BPPT), energy released by the quake was 200 times to that released in the. Analysis also showed that the shoreline which was located near the rupture in Palu and Donggala had a decrease on its height. Height drops of 0.5–1 meter were recorded, while an increase of height of around 0.3 cm was recorded in Banawa. Tsunami A was issued in and Donggala at 18:07 WITA.
Warnings were sent via by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information. Residents of Donggala were told to expect tsunamis with heights of 0.5 to 3 metres, while residents in Palu were told to expect tsunamis with heights of less than 0.5 metres. The tsunami, however, struck higher than expected. Residents of Palu reported waves with heights of more than 2 metres while several others stated that the waves managed to reach the second floor.Indonesian officials calculated the estimated time of arrival of the tsunami.
Calculations suggested that the tsunami would arrive in Palu approximately 20 minutes after the earthquake. Around 18:27 WITA, the in Mamuju detected tsunamis. A tsunami warning was issued, and later lifted. President Joko Widodo amidst collapsed buildings in PaluPalu's was forced to close as large cracks, one of which was 500 meters long, had been formed on the runway. Airport officials confirmed that the navigation system was damaged and the control tower of the airport collapsed. An air traffic controller, who was watching the take-off roll of a Batik Air plane during the earthquake, was killed.
Major structural damage was also reported in the airport, with the roof the airport's terminal reportedly caved in. The airport was reopened for limited operation on 29 September 2018. Due to the damage in the airport, hundreds of passengers were stranded and were told to wait in the airport's apron. Normal operation returned on service on 30 September.Authorities confirmed that numerous settlements and residential areas, including more than a thousand homes, had been destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. The tsunami also caused major damage to ports in Palu.
In Pantoloan Harbour, a Quay crane collapsed and was swept by the tsunami. In Wani Harbour, structural damage was reported, while Ogoamas Harbour moved 3 cm to its right due to the earthquake.
The IAIN Datokarama Palu, a university in Palu, was severely damaged by the tsunami. The Kuning Ponulele Bridge was among those that were destroyed in the earthquake (seen back in 2010)Officials confirmed that Palu's iconic bridge, the , which was also the first arch bridge in Indonesia, was destroyed by the earthquake and the ensuing tsunami. Roads to and from the city, connecting it to and, were also severely damaged. There were also reports of.Communication to the affected area was severely hampered, with President being initially unable to contact governor.Ministry of Communication and Information Technology announced that 1,678 base transceiver station in Central Sulawesi were damaged by the earthquake and disaster. Local hospitals were damaged, with the Director of the Palu Undata Hospital opting to treat victims outside of the hospital and made a public plea for tents, medicine, canvas, and nurses. A warden for a prison in Palu reported that more than half of its 560 inmates fled in panic as the prison walls collapsed.An assessment made by the Ministry of Education and Culture showed that nearly 3,000 schools had been damaged by the earthquake and tsunami and more than 100,000 students and 20,000 teachers were affected. Minister of Education and Culture Muhadjir Effendi stated that a period of minimum 1 year would be needed to rebuild and repair the damaged schools in the affected areas.In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, prisoners in the Donggala Penitentiary in Central Sulawesi rioted and set the prison on fire as they demanded to be met by their families.
At least 100 prisoners managed to escape. The prison reportedly suffered severe damage.Minister of Agriculture stated that the earthquake, tsunami and subsequent soil liquefaction damaged 9,718 hectares of crops throughout Palu, Sigi and Donggala, costing 36 billion rupiah in damage. Mudflows Parts of Central Sulawesi have been hit by major mudflows following the earthquake as a result of liquefaction. The most affected areas are the Petobo sub-district in southern Palu and the village of Balaroa, just outside the city, both locations some distance from the coast.In Petobo, at least 34 Indonesian students from a Bible camp were killed, but it is suspected that many others are dead. Most of the districts 744 houses have been destroyed and 200 bodies have so far been retrieved. Survivors of the mudflow in Petobo stated that as soon as the earthquake struck, 2-meter-high mud came out from the ground.
Survivors also recalled that the ground immediately turned into liquid-like substance. Hundreds of houses sank into the soil and hundreds of people were drowned by the mudflow. Out of the 13,000 inhabitants in Petobo, 6,000 are thought to have been buried by the mud. Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management announced that 2,050 houses were destroyed by the mudflow in Petobo and an area of 180 hectares were shifted by the liquefaction.Balaroa almost disappeared as the ground collapsed, with most of the village's 1,747 houses sinking into the mud.
Of the 2,000 inhabitants, 600 are known to have died, while more than a thousand are still missing. The liquefaction reportedly shifted an area of 47,8 hectares. Several places were shifted to the north while several others were shifted to the west and southwest.Major soil liquefaction was reported in, which was located south of Palu. Numerous eyewitnesses stated that the total amount of liquid released by the soil was so immense that buildings and structures were swept away. There were also reports that a whole village was gone. The liquefaction shifted an area of 202 hectares.The major liquefaction shifted hundreds of structures in Palu and Sigi.
In Sigi, the Jono Oge village was shifted 3 km from its initial position. The village was replaced by corn fields, which was also shifted from the mountain up in the north of the village. The liquefaction also reportedly managed to shift the overhead electrical tower in the area to several hundred meters from its initial position. In Palu, hundreds of houses 'crashed into each other' when the liquefaction occurred, with some shifted to the north and some shifted to the southwest. Roads also became twisted due to the liquefaction. Similar report also came from Balaroa where houses reportedly spun and crashed into each other.
The liquefaction in Jono Oge and Palu was recorded on camera.On 11 October, the Indonesian Government decided to stop the search and rescue operation in Petobo, Balaroa and Jono Oge. The Governor of Central Sulawesi Longki Djanggola agreed to build memorial park in Petobo, Balaroa and Jono Oge to commemorate thousands of victims who were killed in the disaster. Casualties The 6.1 magnitude foreshock occurred at 15:00 local time while the 7.5 magnitude earthquake on the evening caused severe destruction in Palu, Donggala and Sigi, destroying hundreds of structures. At least 4,340 people are estimated to have died as a result of the disaster and more than 10,000 others injured, of which 4,612 were seriously injured. Balaroa, a district in Palu, was completely obliterated by the soil liquefaction that followed immediately after the earthquakeOn the evening of 28 September, earthquakes followed by a tsunami struck the city. The first place that was hit by the tsunami was the beach where a festival named Festival Pesona Palu Nomoni was ongoing.
The majority of the partygoers were later recovered dead from the beach and the sea. Several others were injured.Local residents stated that many bodies were lined and laid on the side of the street and many were also found on the shoreline.
The Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla announced the day after the disaster that the death toll will likely rise to more than a thousand, added that he based his statements on his past experience during the.On 30 September 2018, officials from the Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency reported that at least 100 people were trapped inside Tatura Mall, the oldest and the largest shopping center in Palu. Another 50–60 people were still trapped inside the rubble of the 8-story Roa-Roa Hotel, many of whom were heard crying for help. Officials admitted that lack of heavy equipment hampered the search and rescue effort.Indonesian authorities stated that at least 200 survivors in Palu will be evacuated with a to Makassar, some for further medical treatment. According to officials, nearly 17,000 people in Palu had been displaced by the earthquake and tsunami. The Head of Data, Information and Public Relations Center of, stated that around 2.4 million people were affected by the earthquake and tsunami.Fearing that diseases might spread, the Indonesian Government decided to bury those who had been identified in mass graves. The Indonesian government had made at least one mass grave measuring 1,000 square meters.
The grave could hold as much as 1,000 bodies. The Indonesian Government then added that they would probably make another as thousands of people had died in the provincial capital. On 1 October, at least 53 bodies were buried in another mass grave in Palu. Donggala From 28 to 29 September, the victims from Donggala could not be accounted for due to limited access and downed communication lines. In the next days, emergency workers arrived in the city. Donggala was heavily affected by the tsunami, with Banawa District being the worst affected district. Nearly all coastal houses were destroyed by the tsunami, which reportedly had struck Donggala at a height of more than 7 meters.
Authorities stated that more than 150 people in Donggala had been killed by the disaster. Sigi The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management stated that was among the area with the most casualties. Reports from the city revealed that 'dozens of people' were killed by the earthquake, including the 34 students from a Bible camp that died after being struck by a mudflow.
There were also reports of 'massive liquefaction' which caused homes to be swept away. Officials also reported that several aftershocks with magnitude of over 5.0 had struck Sigi, damaging more buildings and structures. At least 7 districts in Sigi were cut off due to landslides and damaged roads. Parigi Moutong Reports of damage were also received from Parigi Moutong. At least a mosque and a temple were damaged by the earthquake. Dozens of homes were also damaged.
Authorities stated that at least 15 people in Parigi Moutong were killed while 2 others were missing. Response Indonesian President immediately ordered the Coordinating Minister of Politics, Legal and Security Affairs Wiranto to coordinate the relief efforts in the affected areas. He had called the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces for the emergency responses. He also stated that he will declare the earthquake and tsunami in Palu as a major disaster. He added that he had tried to call the governor of Central Sulawesi, whose office is in the city of Palu.
However, due to the downed telecommunication lines, the calls weren't able to be received.
There have been many tsunamis involving the territory that is now Indonesia.
List[edit]
Event | Date | Location | Summary | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1797 Sumatra earthquake | 10 February 1797 | Padang | Tsunami localized to Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia | |
1833 Sumatra earthquake | 25 November 1833 | Sumatra | Tsunami along the southwest coast of Sumatra | |
1861 Sumatra earthquake | 16 February 1861 | Sumatra | Tsunami along the northwest coast of Sumatra | |
1883 13:00 eruption of Krakatoa | 26 August 1883 | Krakatoa | Collapse of Krakatoa caused tsunami sweeping over neighbouring islands and onto Sumatra and Java | |
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | 26 December 2004 | Aceh | Large earthquake near Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia causing a transoceanic tsunami | One of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history, with a death toll of over 200,000 |
2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami | 25 October 2010 | Mentawai Islands | Tsunami swept the coastal areas of the Mentawai Islands, off the west coast of Sumatra | |
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami | 28 September 2018 | Palu | Large earthquake near Donggala caused a tsunami that funneled into a bay rising high at Palu, Sulawesi, Indonesia | |
2018 Sunda Strait tsunami | 22 December 2018 | Bantenand, Lampung | Eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait caused a tsunami and landslide |
See also[edit]
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